Poetry and Happiness

In the poem, â€Å"Happiness†, the poet, Priscilla Leonard, illustrates for the reader that happiness cannot be contained and that one human cannot own all happiness. The poem happiness is about how to live life to the fullest. In the first two lines of the poem, †Happiness is a crystal/ fair and exquisite and clear† the feeling and emotion that the poet gives the reader, is peaceful and tranquil(1-2). Leonard throws a different perspective at the reader when she write ,†broken in a million pieces/shattered scattered far and near(4-5).The emotion has now been cut off. It is like an alarm clock to the reader. She goes onto say in the last part of the stanza that if one understands this and â€Å"now and then along life’s pathway/lo! Some shining fragments fall† and they are lucky enough to behold these pieces of happiness, they will experience great joy(5-6). Leonard writes that â€Å"there are so many pieces/ no one ever finds them all† t o say happiness is not bought, nor to be stolen, but it is to be earned, found, and given to one another(7-8). There are different pieces of happiness.Some pieces of happiness that Leonard says, are that â€Å"you may find a bit of beauty/or an honest share of wealth†(9-10). beauty and honest wealth are two things modern women wish to have and to be. Leonard being a woman might have placed these two elements of beauty to reach out to certain woman readers, so that they could relate to the poem. Leonard tells a tale about a neighbor, and how their greed got them no happiness, and no matter how much they searched and reached out to grab all happiness, it escaped their grasp.Before that she tells of the wise on their journey of life. She wrote that they â€Å"treasure every fragment clear/[and] fit them as they may together/imaging the shattered sphere†(17-19). The wise care about and realize that they are â€Å"to be ever thankful† even though their share of wisdo m is tiny, they understand that â€Å"it has so many pieces no one ever finds them all†(20,22-23). The wise know that their gift of happiness is being wise and that there are also many other great gifts in the world. There is, of course, a difference etween the fool and the wise. Once the fool receives a gift , he tries to get all he can. The wise get a gift and know to be satisfied with what they have, and not to wander around looking for more satisfaction. The wise, being wise imagine not just a sphere that the poet has put into context for u, but the true meaning of happiness. The reason why the author uses a crystal ball as a symbol for happiness is because a crystal seems fragile and priceless, but at the same time a sense of immortality.A crystal is treasured and admired by all who see it. Thieves and fools want it so they can have more pleasures. Respectable and wise people use it as a gift and are humble. Holding all happiness in your hands can have a strange effect t hough. Even some of the wisest men have fallen under its luring spell. Don’t be deceived by happiness, it is like a double-edged sword. If people would pay more careful attention to poets like Priscilla Leonard there might not be so many corrupted souls in the world.Happiness is not a toy that can be pulled out and played with, only to be lost when searching for more. Since happiness cannot be contained, but it can easily be destructive and lost. Treat it like a crystal; clear, true, and exquisite. When happiness seems to be out of reach, wait a little until some falls on your lap. Until then admire it as you would a passing cloud. This close reading has helped to take a step back and to realize the value of looking at life through a wide angled lens. And to not just look at happiness, but in all the elements of life.

English Language Advertisement Essay

Plan: 1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and powerful uses of language. 2. The Features of Advertising. 3. Is advertising language normal language? Does advertising language sometimes break the rules of normal language? 4. References. 1. Advertising is one of the most prominent and powerful uses of language. Advertising is one of the most prominent, powerful, and ubiquitous contemporary uses of language. Its seductive and controversial quality has attracted consistent and intense attention across a range of academic disciplines including linguistics, media studies, politics, semiotics, and sociology. The reasons for this academic interest are far from superficial. The study of advertising brings together many of the key social and political issues of our time: the new capitalism; globalization; overconsumption and the environment; cultural and individual identities; and the communications revolution. It provides insight into the ideologies and values of contemporary societies. Advertising’s creative use of language makes it a particularly rich site for language and discourse analysis. Operating in all media and exploiting the interaction between word, sound, and image, it provides a key location for studies of multimodal communication. Simultaneously poetic and commercial, it raises questions about the nature of creativity and art. Ever since the intensification of advertising in the 1950s, leading scholars have analyzed its use of language. This new four-volume Routledge Major Work brings together for the first time the most seminal and controversial works, allowing users to obtain a wide and inclusive view of this rewarding topic. It will be welcomed by scholars and other researchers in the field as an invaluable ‘mini library’ on the language of advertising. 2. The Features of Advertising Advertising Language is characterized by the following features. In any given advertisement these features may appear or be largely absent, such is the great variety of advertising copy found on promo products such as promotional tote bags and T-shirts. However these features may be said to be typical of advertising in general. Even advertisements which do not use the traditional features to attract inform and persuade may be described as being incontrast to the traditional features. Some modern advertisements appear to be almost dissuading consumers from their product – but this is a technique used as a determined way of not conforming to tradition. See Benetton, Marmite. Hyperbole – exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs. Frequent use of adjectives and adverbs. A limited range of evaluative adjectives includes new, clean, white, real, fresh, right, natural, big, great, slim, soft, wholesome, improved†¦ Neologisms may have novelty impact, e.g. Beanz, Meanz Heinz, Cookability, Schweppervescence, Tangoed, Wonderfuel†¦ Long noun phrases, frequent use of pre and post modifiers for descriptions. Short sentences for impact on the reader. This impact is especially clear at the beginning of a text, often using bold or large type for the â€Å"Headline† or â€Å"slogan† to capture the attention of the reader. Ambiguity is common. This may make a phrase memorable and re-readable. Ambiguity may be syntactic (the grammatical structure) or semantic (puns for example). Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. One type is the open comparative: â€Å"Brown’s Boots Are Better† (posing the question â€Å"better than what?†); another type is the bogus superlative: â€Å"Brown’s Boots are Best† (posing the question â€Å"rated alongside what?†) Euphemisms :†Clean Round the Bend† for a toilet cleaner avoids comment on â€Å"unpleasant† things. The classic exampe is â€Å"B.O† for â€Å"body odour† (in itself a euphemism for â€Å"smelly person†). Avoidance of negatives (advertising normally emphasises the positive side of a product – though see Marmite, Tango, Benetton, for whom it seems that all publicity is good). Simple and Colloquial language: â€Å"It ain’t half good† to appeal to ordinary people, though it is in fact often complex and deliberately ambiguous. Familiar language: use of second person pronouns to address an audience and suggest a friendly attitude. Present tense is used most commonly, though nostalgia is summoned by the simple past Simple vocabulary is most common, my mate Marmite, with the exception of technical vocabulary to emphasise the scientific aspects of a product (computers medicines and cars but also hair and cleaning products) which often comes as a complex noun phrase, the new four wheel servo-assisted disc brakes. Repetition of the brand name and the slogan, both of which are usually memorable by virtue of alliteration (the best four by four by far); rhyme (the cleanest clean it’s ever been); rhythm (drinka pinta milka day); syntactic parallelism (stay dry, stay happy); association (fresh as a mountain stream). Humour. This can be verbal or visual, but aims to show the product positively. Verbal Puns wonderfuel and graphic positions are common. Glamorisation is probably the most common technique of all. â€Å"Old† houses become charming, characterful, olde, worlde or unique. â€Å"Small† houses become compact, bijou, snug or manageable. Houses on a busy road become convenient for transport. A cafà © with a pavement table becomes a trattoria, moving up market aspires to be a restaurant, too cramped it becomes a bistro. Not enough room to serve it becomes a fast food servery. If the menu is English food it is likely to be traditional, home-baked or home made; if the menu is French the cake will be gateau, the potted meat patà ©, bits of toast in your soup will be croutons. The decor will be probably chic, possibly Provenà §al. Finally, potency. Vance Packard (1960) memorably said: â€Å"The cosmetic manufacturers are not selling lanolin, they are selling hope †¦ we no longer buy oranges, and we buy vitality. We do not just buy an auto, we buy prestige.† 3. Is advertising language normal language? Does advertising language sometimes break the rules of normal language? These questions relate to the place of advertising language in the context of the readers’ general knowledge of language (we will presume that the language is English). In order to answer them, we must have some conception of what is meant by â€Å"normal language†. The English language has evolved to have many different kinds of functionality, each of which correspond to different situations and styles of use. From an analytic point of view, it seems to make most sense to understand â€Å"normal language† to include the variety of styles of English that mature speakers and readers control. This will form the backdrop of everyday language in its many functions, against which we can view advertising language. If one looks around in literature on advertising, or searches on the WWW, it is not uncommon to find claims to the effect that advertising breaks the rules of normal language and language use. However, from the perspective of a professional linguist, few of these claims really seem to be supportable. Now, with the exception of linguists, few people have any reason to pay close attention to the way that language is actually used in its speech community, for a wide range of communicative functions. Like many aspects of human being and human behavior, our unconscious knowledge of language is much greater than our conscious knowledge of it, so the facts about language that are immediately accessible to the average person only cover part of what the language is and how it is used. Collect some text from advertisements that you have found. Can you find any examples of words, phrases or constructions that are truly different from the various varieties that you encounter on a regular basis? These varieties may include informal spoken language between close friends to technical and scientific descriptions (more likely to be written), and everything in between. Doubtless, not all of the text you find will be standard English, but is any of it not English at all? In doing this exercise, it may be that you will learn more about what creative possibilities your language allows, rather than how much advertising goes beyond the boundaries of that language. In a recent short article in the journal Nature, Pullum and Scholz (2001) point out that, at every level, language has a level of creativity that allows it to be ever-expanding, ever-changing. Even the idea that there is a stock of words which constitute the English language cannot be upheld, because it is always possible to invent new words, and new names in particular. Thus, â€Å"Here is my new invention; I call it â€Å"X† † is a strategy in everyday English which advertisers can take advantage of, when the y state â€Å"Introducing the all-new â€Å"Y† â€Å". In an interesting coincidence which illustrates the point very clearly, the Dreamweaver ® program which we have used to construct this website has the command â€Å"Indent† to indent a paragraph, and we used it to format the quote below from McQuarrie and Micks. In the command menu, the command after this one is â€Å"Outdent†, which makes a paragraph wider. Neither of us had seen this word before, yet we understood its meaning, and certainly did not reject it as â€Å"non-English†. This is not to say that any random new word can be generated for the author’s purposes in any context. The â€Å"Outdent† example above is presented in a very clear context, which makes apprehending its usage and meaning quite clear. We generally find that novel words presented in an advertisement have the same supporting context; they may be new, but they are not â€Å"out of the blue†. The work of McQuarrie and Mick (1996) is highly relevant in this context. They place advertising language in the context of the study of rhetoric, and observe: â€Å"A rhetorical figure has traditionally been defined as an artful deviation (Corbett 1990). More formally, a rhetorical figure occurs when an expression deviates from expectation, the expression is not rejected as nonsensical or faulty, the deviation occurs at the level of form rather than content, and the deviation conforms to a template that is invariant across a variety of content and contexts. This definition supplies the standard against which deviation is to be measured (i.e., expectations), sets a limit on the amount and kind of deviation (i.e., short of a mistake), locates the deviation at the level of the formal structure of a text, and imposes a grouping requirement (i.e., there are a limited number of templates, each with distinct characteristics).† The unusual aspects of language that we sometimes find in advertising can be fruitfully considered to be examples of â€Å"artful deviations†. 36.3 VW ad (Rolling Stone, May 23, 2002): Heck, it’s been re-everything-ed. This new verb is coined on the basis of a very robust feature of English, which allows nouns to be used as verbs (see Clark and Clark (1979)). In this case, the new verb is also prefixed and suffixed. Out of the blue, â€Å"to re-everything† would be hard to interpret, but in the context provided by the advertisement, its meaning is clear. In the summer of 2002 the pop group No Doubt had a hit song called â€Å"Hella Good†; some of the lyrics are shown here: Hella Good (G. Stefani/ T. Dumont/ P. Williams/ C. Hugo/ T. Kanal) You got me feeling hella good So let’s just keep on dancing You hold me like you should So I’m gonna keep on dancing (Keep on dancing) â€Å"Hella good† is not advertising language, and it is not standard English, but it is certainly â€Å"pop music English†, and it is the kind of phrase that anyone could produce in conversation. In 48 Cointreau (InStyle, August 2002) we find an example of a blend, â€Å"Be Cointreauversial†.

Analysis of the Influences That Make People Risk Takers

Analysis of the Influences That Make People Risk Takers What Makes People Take Risks? Have you ever felt you are on risk before? If yes, how do you feel at that moment? And would you like to do it again? The answers can be very different for each person. In order to know what the differences are we should know what risk is. Risk is some kind of possibility of suffering harm or loss or a situation involving uncertain danger. From the meaning of risk, people can look at risk in different point of view. Some people dont want to take or to deal with risk at all but some people want to take risks because of many reason; biological factors, getting self-confidence, and getting away from boring life. First of all, people have risk taking instinct, which causes them to deal with any dangerous situation eagerly. This might be due to a dangerous, difficult, and uncertain past that ancestors passed on that made them strong and well trained for taking risks. In the article Taking the Bungee Plunge, Bensimhon (cited in Men’s Health, 1992) mentions the same thing that human being are intrinsic risk takers who survive and who thrive on risks. By this reason, it is obvious that some people want to take risk because they have risk taking instinct. In addition, Israeli scientists have found one kind of gene know as D4DR that influences people’s characteristics. The scientists believe that people who have the gene tend to look for thrills. This kind of gene, D4DR, is also called thrill-seeking gene. (â€Å"For Our Ancestors, Taking Risks Was a Good Bet†, 1999) In other words, the thrill-seeking gene in human is another reason that influenced people to take risk. Secondly, it’s mentioned in the Bensimhon’s article also about how people get confidence after thriving risks. In this case, people have the best moments when their body or mind is stretched to its limits while they are taking risks and after accomplishing it, they feel very confident. In addition, in the article â€Å"Risking Nature†, the author also mentions the same idea that people seek out nature even though it’s dangerous because of a desire for self-reliance. (â€Å"Risking Nature†, 1999) Naturally, people like to have freedom or to be self-reliance, so when they take risks, it’s like they can control their destiny by themselves. For example, when students have a chance to go study abroad, it’s taking a risk because they have to make the decision to come to another country which they have to deal with strangers, a new culture, a new language, and different kinds of food. They can’t meet their family, friends, or girlfrien d/boyfriend. Its a very big difference for them to adapt to everything new in their life. They might be unhappy staying oversea which is a risk. However, they still want to try to get over this risk because they have the wish to reach their goal and to succeed in their education. In addition to the reasons mentioned above, people who take risks also want to get away from their boring life. According to Bower cite in the article â€Å"Going over the Top†, a number of athletes who do the extreme sports is increasing and the reason is to get away from their boring life and to seek something exciting and challenging. The players think adventure sports are relatively safe but worth trying. Also in the article, Douglas says that every day life’s dissatisfaction causes the spread of extreme sports. In conclusion, I think some people take risks because of different reasons based on what that they think or want to get from the risk they are going to take. It could be good for their mental or physical health or maybe both. Doing so should be based on awareness, carefulness and safety of that people. Then no harm will happen to a risk taker.

Critically analyse the logistical changes that Morrisons would have to Essay

Critically analyse the logistical changes that Morrisons would have to make if it was to address one of the three suggested caus - Essay Example The company has a vertical supply chain consisting of manufacturing units, packaging and processing units, procurement units and distribution centers. All these units are integrated and managed by latest technological devices. The major areas where Morrison operates are Netherlands and UK. Headquarter of the company is located at Bradford, UK. Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury are the major competitors of Morrison. Traditional supermarkets have been a major destination for grocery shopping. However, because of the strict economic scenario, the competition in the UK grocery market has become intense and tough (Hackney, 2006). Hence the companies need more effective and sustainable tools to compete in this environment. Considering the present crisis which Morrisions is facing, excellently managed strategic operations and diversifications in the new market are needed by the company to retain its profitability and grow in the market. Morrision’s current operations consist of supermarket c hains and convenience stores, dominated by supermarkets. The brand’s current distribution centre follows a vertical integration approach. The logistics and supply chain is privately monitored by the company. The major advantage of this model is that there are no middlemen in the distribution system and customers are provided with value for money products and fresh fruits at lower prices. This also helps in quicker response to changing customer trends. The major rationale behind choosing this model is operating in ownership. Morrisions is a family owned business and the company promoters expect an ownership in majority of operations executed in the Company. The brand claims cost leadership and reasonable turnaround from the current business operations. The company is involved in both production and retailing of food products. The supermarket chain has collaborated with Scottish Agriculture College to carry out research in the field of agriculture and farming. The company is en gaged in two forms of production; just in time which includes preparing food products like sandwiches, burger or salads inside the store and readymade and fresh food products which are supplied on a daily basis. According to the recent report from Telegraph, 2013, the sale of Morrisions dropped continuously for six weeks till December 2012. This loss of sales was more than the loss accrued by its major competitors. The possible cause resulting in this loss was expected to be small number of convenient stores and no online presence. The supermarket is not into online food selling despite its biggest competitors, Tesco launching its online website in the year 2000. The company has only 12 convenience stores in the country. Apart from this, the majority of Morrisions’ supermarkets are positioned outside the affluent areas of London. Most of the revenue generated from the supermarket stores is from those areas which are less popular and sparsely inhabited. This shows a clear lack in the placement of strategies in the UK market. The company’s revenue from the affluent parts of UK such as London is only 6 percent, compared to 12 percent from the rest of the UK. A data from the British Retail Consortium throws some light on the significant changes in the operations of the food retail industry. There has been a significant rise in

The Process of Successful Selling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Process of Successful Selling - Essay Example Knowing about a product means knowing the strength of the product as well as flaws of the product. There are different types of customer who would come to a seller. Some of the customers will be aware of the product completely while others may be new and very cynical. It is the acquired skill of a seller to sell the product to the older customer in a complete newer way that they stay attracted towards the product for longer periods (Schiffman). For the purpose of selling a product to a new and cynical customer, it is recommended that the seller use the metaphors to compare product with other products of the market and highlight the significance of product. A seller needs to be very clever in this regard. Being a clever seller means, being informed about the marketing strategies and newer intervention in the product range (Schiffman). A successful seller can also be regarded as a squirrel who knows which nut is worth saving and which one to discard. A successful seller exactly knows which customer is a potential buyer. If a seller learns the art to weed out customers who are not worth enough for the product sell, then a seller will automatically turn into a successful seller. Need of a product would simultaneously gets increased with the effective marketing and campaigns that would be used for the sale of products and goods. The marketing campaigns such as APPLE’s strategic marketing campaigns are considered to be one of the world’s brilliant marketing campaigns. It is due to the active selling and marketing techniques that add value to a consumer good or product (Schiffman). A successful seller is supposed to be loaded with the tool kit of effective selling of his or her products for sale. The tool kit or in other words, the components that are required for the preparation of effective selling of products include prospects, techniques, conditions and final transit. By prospects of product, it simply means that a

Sustainability Consultancy Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability Consultancy Report - Coursework Example The company has a good business model. In fact, the company can be described as a second wave corporation. This comes from the fact that the company, despite seeking to be profitable from the resources it has in terms of timber and employees, seeks to ensure that its operations become sustainable in the long run. In this case, one of the issues that affect the company is the availability of raw materials. In the acquisition of timber, there are many policies and by laws that the company has to abide by to ensure that it does not breach the laws. This eventually impacts on the company’s performance and productivity. Other than that, the company has to deal with the issues of employee turnovers. It is evident that out of the sixteen thousand employees that the company has, the levels of productivity are not full exploited. The company should come up with a way of outsourcing some of the services that it needs. Just as it outsources for supplies, the company can incorporate other aspects of outsourcing to improve its levels of efficiency. For the sustainability of the business even in the years to come, the company should seek to expand into other markets strategically. Currently, being located in Sweden, the company only manages to reach out to a given market niche which is not that wide. In this regards, the company should consider exploring other markets which are most promising in terms of return on investments. Therefore, the company should also embrace emerging technologies.

Business to Business Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Business to Business Marketing - Assignment Example Being based in Cambridge, TCL effectively meets the needs of the small and large enterprises around the town. However, as a result of the decreased revenue due to the economic downturn, some of the clients who are outside Cambridge may opt to cut on their traveling expenses. In this regard, it is essential for David and Angela to open more branches in cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, Newcastle, and Liverpool. In this way, TCL will reduce the costs incurred by its clients while traveling to Cambridge. It is also essential for the company to centralize its operations by ensuring that the Designers and Account Executives work in an established office. In this way, the company management will effectively monitor the performance of its employees. In addition, the TCL Company will emulate the culture of teamwork that is vital for the sustainable growth of any organization.  Currently, TCL adopts word-of-mouth as its primary promotion strategy. Even though this strategy has resulted in an increased number of customers, the current economic climate may negatively affect this strategy. This is based on the fact that some of the clients may lack financial ability to emulate the services offered by TCL thus making it difficult to communicate the significance of the services to other potential clients. This means that even though TCL has significantly relied on word-of-mouth in its promotion, the company should adopt social media to promote its products. In this way, it will effectively attract new customers especially those who regularly use social media during their buying process. In addition, the company should improve its website by allocating at least 15% of its revenue to ensure that it can easily communicate with its clients regardless of where they are located. It is also vital for TCL to collaborate with its clients in sponsoring social and cultural events in cities such as Bristol, Portsmouth among others. During such occasions, the company should fix ba nners that depict all the services it offers and their prices.

Sir Francis Bacon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sir Francis Bacon - Essay Example Bacon's thoughts on science are closely associated with those of Galileo. A benefit of the early Renaissance was the rediscovery of the writings of those living in antiquity. With the new reading of Galileo, Sir Francis Bacon rejected the form of speculative reasoning that dominated the Middle Ages. Bacon believed that if you wanted to really know about something in nature, you needed to approach your study in a methodical manner, gathering real data that was observable and recordable. He states in his book The Great Insaturation, "There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flees from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms [laws]†¦The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars. This is the true way but yet untried. Bacon believed that if you wanted to understand soil or rocks, you would gather many different samples or specimens, study them and then let the facts of your study form new ideas about the natural worl d. Bacon melded his ideas with those of Galileo, formalizing them into a general theory of inductive reasoning that became known as empiricism (McKay 1992). Empiricism is the backbone of the scientific method utilized by students and scientists universally in modern times. Sir Francis Bacon believed that this new approach to knowing and understanding the natural world would radically change societies. He believed firmly that this new knowledge would give humans greater control over the natural elements .

Dynamic of Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dynamic of Machines - Essay Example Racing car drivers require as quick a shift as possible. Not only is there a change in characteristics of the modern race engine, there is also an increasing awareness of the importance of transmission in a racing car. In order to make Formula 1 Racing more environmental friendly, transmission firms Torotrak and Xtrac are developing a highly efficient transmission system capable of capturing, storing and reusing kinetic energy from racing cars. The new technology with the help of a flywheel, will recover and store kinetic energy during deceleration that can then be used for acceleration; thus providing highly efficient kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) for motorsport. â€Å"Torotrak’s patented Toroidal Traction Drive Variator provides a continuous and variable ratio connection between the flywheel and the vehicle driveline via the gearbox† (PE 2007, p.14). Mechanical efficiency greater than 90% is obtained by advanced construction of the flywheel. The system not only optimizes performance, but also cuts carbon-dioxide emissions. According to Griffo & Lauria (2005), increasing stability-related aspects is essential for achieving improved generation and transmission structures. For improving the dynamic behaviour of electrical power systems, transmission-line reclosure is an efficient structural action. The new technique for computing the optimal reclosure time of a transmission line is based on optimal control strategies for switched dynamic systems. This method allows the use of high-order modelling, including control-system and relay action. Numerical simulations substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy which increases system stability and improves damping oscillations. In applications where elevated transmission ratios are required, especially in the automobile field, continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) have developed significantly. Their advantages are high in terms of car handling and

UNDERSTANDING INCLUSIVE LEARNING AND TEACHING IN LIFELONG LEARNING Essay

UNDERSTANDING INCLUSIVE LEARNING AND TEACHING IN LIFELONG LEARNING - Essay Example To counter overreliance on this slides and handouts, student involvement in discussions and feedbacks is handy. I also collect suggestions and answers and clarify any issues that are not well understood on the whiteboard. This enhances inclusion of all the students in my clothe design lesson. Much of the teaching time is spent on practical work. I try to encourage group work as part of teaching though there is some resistance faced. However, individual work is also important to balance and meet the learners need. All this I work them within the restriction of time at hand. The incorporation of modern technology also poses a challenge to some students. Most cognitive theorist such as Piaget, Ausubel among others were interested in the changes in the learner’s understanding that resulted from learning and the environmental importance in the process (Powell & Tummons 2011, p.49). Regardless of the variations in constructivism, it promotes free exploration of the students within a given structure of the framework. From the theories, have looked at the best way my students can benefit from learning. I plan my lessons with a demonstration and brainstorming activities. The materials and tools to be utilized are identified and availed for the lesson to help my lesson objectives be accomplished. I utilize practical activities whereby the students are divided into groups that assist them in explore the issue at hand, solve the problem, and use their techniques to answers questions as demonstrated. During the lesson, I facilitate to ensure that tasks are well understood, and learners fully participate. I have realized that each student is unique, and each has a particular need. Therefore, allowing the students discover the technique that is workable for them helps them achieve their goals. Through the groups, the students share their solution at the end of the lesson thus motivating them. They also demonstrate the various creative approaches to the

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Example for Free

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Jane, thinking that a vacation in San Francisco to visit her parents would provide her with a much-needed rest, bought a ticket two weeks in advance for a weekend flight.   She would be sitting in 11A.   On the day before Janes flight, Freya gets a call from her boss, instructing her to attend the companys meeting in San Francisco.   She booked a flight for the next day immediately upon getting the call.   Freya sat in 11B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freya paid $500 more than Jane for basically the same service, occupying adjacent seats. And this is a prime example of price discrimination. * *   *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is simply the charging of different prices to different customers (Stavins, 1996, p. 3).   It is characterized as price discrimination when the difference in prices are not due to difference in costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott Woolley writing for Forbes.Com simplified it further, saying that price discrimination is when an airline charge some customers more than other customers for the same (or almost the same) thing (Woolley, 1998.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tricia Ellis-Christensen stated that price discrimination is a widespread practice, and it doesnt necessarily imply negative discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is categorized into degrees depending on the market segmentation, the customers ability to pay or demand elasiticity. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First-degree price discrimination occurs when identical goods are sold at different prices.   This is most evident in the sale of both new and used cars wherein the salesperson gauges the maximum price at which the car can be sold.   This type often includes bargaining, or negotiating for a lower price (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second-degree price discrimination is when lower prices are charged for bulk or higher quantities (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third degree price discrimination requires understanding the market, and is more prevalent.   This type often plays on segments of the target market.   An example is discounts offered to students. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conditions for Price Discrimination.   Joanna Stavins further explains that for an airline or company to successfully discriminate on price, it must have some market power, to be able to charge prices above the marginal cost. Typically it has monopolized that business.   Another condition is the heterogeneousity of its consumers.   Lastly, product resale should be costly and impossible, to prevent arbitrage. (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins also explained that the monopolistically competitive: conditions in air transportation business allows for price discrimination.   (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins stated that   airlines differentiate between each other by offering different flight schedules and routes.   Stavins also wrote that airlines attach various restrictions to cheaper tickets, making them more unattractive to consumers who give more importance to time and convenience.   Meaning, a business traveler wouldnt mind paying more to ensure that he arrives on time, as opposed to a passenger on a budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advantages.    In some cases, price discrimination can implement efficient prices (Armstrong, 2006 p. 6).   Arvind Sahay writes that pricing products differently can increase revneues and profits by 8% and 25% (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination also opens markets, as in offering ones goods at a high value market at a certain price, while giving it at a lower price at a lower value market.   (Armstrong, 2006 p. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This way, a business owner can reallocate demand to more suitable times while supply is limited (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On a more practical level, price discrimination will enable more firms to increase revenue, which can then be used for research and development.   Consumers, on the other hand, will be able to benefit from lower fares (economicshelp.org, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disadvantages. On the other hand, some consumers will end up paying higher prices.   Price discrimination will also cause a decline in consumer surplus.   There maybe costs associated with segmenting market.   Price discrimination also opens the field for predatory pricing (economicshelp.org, undated). Price Discrimination in Airlines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing use of price discrimination, in all industries, is due to the new and affordable technology that most companies can install and use.   Recent studies have also shown that consumers will pay different prices if the companies use the right approach (Sahay, 2007, p. 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, these days, airlines are pulling off price discrimination easily.   On a purely technical level, Airlines are able to practice the third degree of price discrimination (segmentation-based), and even to some respects, the second degree of price discrimination by employing yield management tools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cunningham and Brady explains that airlines have been dividing their customers into groups: government vs. business vs. leisure travellers, first or economy class, etc.   With the advent of the computer and I.T., airlines have gained more ability to match fares with their customers demands. (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yield Management tools allows the airline to sell the right seat to the right passenger at the right time and price, basically charging various rates for the perceived service benefit (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, yield management allows for Ramsey pricing, which involves varying the prices for fare based on demand elasticity in relation to the marginal cost.   Meaning, the more sensitive the market is to its price, the closer its price will be to the marginal cost.   This explains why business market fares are higher than those who are on vacation (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it is not easy to explain various yield management techniques of airlines, it would be best to look at practical scenarios for airline companies.   Empirically, here are some examples of airline price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Turow, writing for the Washington Posts, cites an example regarding airline Web sites that offer lower fares for first-time customers (Turrow, 2005).   Technology has also made it easier for businesses such as airlines to do customer profiling.   Turrow (2005) and Wooley (1998) insinuates that since businesses can now use computers and databases to store more information about a customer, it can create profiles on that customers and price accordingly. Turrow cited the case when Amazon.Com came under fire for selling the same compact disc album to different customers at varying discounts.   Wooley, on the other hand, says that catalogs sent to somebody who lives in a high-end neighborhood include only one price, while the another version of the catalogs featuring the same products sent to other less-glitzy neighborhoods have discount information on them.   With more and more information about the customer being easily made available, the more airlines know how to push the correct buttons and learn their ability to pay, and their willingness to pay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines also give early-bird discounts wherein those who book early get lower prices.   This type of price discrimination plays on demand inelasticity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People who book late are usually those who needs to be on the plane, and thus would be willing to pay any price just to get to where one wants to be. (Riley, 2006).   Differences in ticket pricing is most reliant on supply and demand (Devlin, 2002).   Fredrik Wallenberg explains that to get an advance purchase discount, one will have to book from one to three weeks in advance. (2000, p. 7)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, SoYouWanna.Com advises that some of the cheapest plane tickets become available at the last minute.   This is due to the fact that airlines typically want to fly with a full plane.   Also, airline seats are seen as a perishable product, in the event that they are not used before expiration it becomes worthless (Sahay, 2007, p. 55)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other airlines also use Saturday night stay-over as a mechanism for price discrimination.   Airlines set a higher rate for business travelers who are unwilling to spend the weekend away from home (Wallenberg, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For some, airlines often reward loyal customers with a lower price on premium tickets if theyve reached a certain number of mile on their frequent-fliers programs.   Keith Devlin said that he was able to buy a round trip ticket from San Francisco to Milan for a bargain price of $1000.   Devlin upgraded it to business class at no cost.   Devlin got the bargain beceause he has earned enough miles on Uniteds Mileage Plus.   Devlin adds that a colleague who will be on the same flight at the same time, was not able to upgrade (Devlin, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US Airways has the EZ Savers Club, which is actually an automated mailing list where subscribers can get mails detailing reduced rates on specified travel dates (Bringing market discipline, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other programs are age-dependent.   Students and seniors typically get a discount on airlines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form of price discrimination employed by airlines is temporary seasonal discounts for airfares that are meant to increase business. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines have a big market with a large number of heterogenous customers, the more disparate their customers are and their behaviors, the more willing their customers would be to pay different prices (Sahay, 2007, p. 56).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is Price Discrimination Illegal? Price discrimination may be illegal in some cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, for it to be deemed illegal, it has to be seen in light of anti-competitiveness.   Carl Person said that the Robinson-Patman Act protects victims of unlawful price discrimination.   Persons provided the following example where in a retail store purchases the same thing from the same supplier for a much higher price.   The store who bought the merchandise at a higher price would be unable to compete on price and usually loses business to its competitor (Persons, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Trade Commission clarifies that price discrimination may be used as a predatory pricing tactic to harm competition at the supplier’s level (Federal Trade Commission, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This whole scenario doesnt apply to airline tickets. Imperfect Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a perfect world or market situation, each consumer should have perfect information about the price of services and goods.   However, information problems are highly ostentatious in complex and opaque markets, where there is infrequent patronage.   Markets with intermediaries or those with a time lag between the time of purchase and the expected benefits are also susceptible to the problem.   The airline industry is also a primary industry for imperfect information due to its complex pricing structures (Lindley, 2007, p. 74).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperfect information could harm a customer because it would effectively prevent him from turning to certain potential substitutes (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, some customers might not know of the existence of an option.   Some customers might not even realize that best cost-saving option (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, as Dominic Lindley writes, the customer may not buy the cheapest or even the most appropriate product or service; may buy a service or product that does not perform as well as planned; or may be unaware of their rights and remedies if something goes wrong (Lindley, 2007, p. 74). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all boils down to the fact that imperfect information could hinder a customer from making a more informed decision about what hes purchasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the cost of an airline ticket is a complicated task.   With price discrimination, it really just an interplay of demand and the customers ability to pay.   Price discrimination allows businesses to optimize their operations for maximum benefits and income on their marginal costs.   Airlines, among other businesses, are in a position to exploit that advantage because they satisfy all conditions needed for price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For consumers and passengers to get the optimum value for their money, they must be vigilant.   They must know their options, and choose accordingly. References    Armstrong, Mark. (2006). Price Discrimination. University College London. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/222.pdf Brady, Stephen P. and Cunningham, William A . (2001). Exploring predatory pricing in the airline industry. Transportation Journal, 41(1), 5-15.   Retrieved 21 April 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 124411971). Bringing market discipline to pricing. (1998, January). Businessline,1.   21 Retrieved April   2008, from ProQuest Asian Business and Reference database. (Document ID: 25422269). Devlin, Keith. (2002). The crazy math of airline ticket pricing. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_09_02.html Ellis-Christensen Tricia. What is Price Discrimination? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-discrimination.htm Lande, Robert. (2007). Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role of Imperfect Information and other Consumer Protection Market Failures. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/hearings/single_firm/docs/222102.htm Lindley, Dominic. (2007). Imperfect information for consumers. Consumer Policy Review, 17(3), 74-79.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1328552571). Persons, Carl E. (1997). Do You Have an RPA Price Discrimination Claim?   Retrieved on 3 April http://www.lawmall.com/rpa/rpaclaim.html Riley, Geoff. (2006) Price Discrimination. Eton College.   Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html Stavins, Joanna. (1996). Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://bosfed.org/economic/wp/wp1996/wp96_7.pdf SOYOUWANNA FIND A CHEAP PLANE TICKET? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/syws/planetix/planetix.html Sahay, Arvind. (2007). How Dynamic Pricing Leads to Higher Profits. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(4), 53.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1360146151). Turow, Joseph. (2005). Have they got a deal for you. Washington Post. Retrieved on 3 April http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061800070_pf.html Wallenberg, Fredrik. (2000). A study of airline pricing.   School of Information Management Systems, University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~fredrik/research/papers/InternetTravel.pdf Wooley, Scott. (1998). Mine was cheaper! Forbes.Com. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.forbes.com/global/1998/1102/0116058a.html

Fredrick Douglas And Abraham Lincoln

Fredrick Douglas And Abraham Lincoln In my research paper the two parties Douglas and Lincoln has undergone a lot in terms of political differences first Douglas announced that his work was to fight against slavery both in united states and England while Lincoln on the other side could not want to do away with slavery since he believes that it will tear away the union in the government.douglas agenda was to establish political system which will abolish slavery in the union and slavery that should be within the constitution and he believe that involving the local communities in political activities will be infective and it might move domestic violence forefront while on the other side Lincoln admitted that the only way to live is to hold men in slavery since slavery was their in the states. While doulas believe he will change so much republic party into abolitionist party Lincoln viewed that war was the worst scenario he will imagine while Douglas princely wanted what Lincoln did not want. Douglas was owned as the black leader and symbol of his age and he his ago thinker which most of the Americans did not like. Douglas was respected as the father founder in August 10, 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down after Douglas won the game. Now at this point Lincoln starts to change and views towards black has completely and a black was invited to the white house and was respected so much. At this point Douglas respected Lincoln which was now a complete turn around from the public which was announced through newspaper. Relationship between Fredrick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. The impact between Fredrick and Douglas was based on slavery in USA which has caused both a self-taught fugitive slave.douglas has announced his work as a slavery in America but he proudly announced that both united states and England publishing antislavery newspaper that nothing will ever stop him from fighting against slavery. During elections of Abraham Lincoln for presidency sparked a chain of several events which in one way or another will cause civil war. Lincoln was pushed towards a definitive immediate of policy Douglas for almost four years. Relationship between Douglas and Lincoln was actually announced by correspondence by use of newspaper or public meetings and letters and later they only met during proclamation.Relationship between Douglas and Fredrick went down due to difference in policies and they had tenuous relationship. However their relationship starts to grow and they became profound when the realities of war ended in America slavery which bound the two towards r espect for the other. Douglas his agenda was to establish political system which will abolish slavery. Douglas focused much to end slavery which he thought and said it is only to use political leaders in the government and abolishing the slavery should be within the constitution. It was proved that if the local community and regional activities politics will be infective which was moving very first in terms of politics. Douglas later realizes that if he gives a chance to the third party he will have a even no chance during the campaign because there politics are based on antislavery. The formation of party in 1854 was proved now that it was the good to abolitionists. In the republic party there were some elements like liberty party, free soil party and other antislavery forces which were from democratic and Whig parties. With the combination of several parties the political appeal to Douglas that may be it was the best party to enter white house. Although it was the first to decide may be republic will give him a chance to enter. Douglas was in high fear that no president know how to end slavery which he thought that it was only by preserving peace and union in the nation.Mr. Lincoln admitted that the only way to live is to hold men in slavery since it is existing in the states this was the beginning of harsh criticism and Douglas militants attitudes of Lincoln with the administration. Douglas believes so much that he will turn the republic party into abolitionist party and Lincoln will be abolitionist president. Lincoln was elected to the office but Douglas remains while watching Lincoln in emancipate. Lincoln believe so much in slavery that will bring difference in parties which led to suffering from fatally ambiguous attitude towards negro.Lincoln believe so much that if slavery will end it will bring down sectional conflicts and prevent warfare so according to Lincoln views is that theirs no question of slavery and it will left the public mind rested with the course of ultimate extinction. He insisted that there is no point of world where negro is not entitled to any enumerated in declaration of independence. Abraham took the office in 1861 and he knew the office need a lot of repair. Day by day there was a lot of debating concerning the slavers issues in the whole nation and at this moment Lincoln and Douglas had two different agendas. Lincoln needed president mission war to save union while Douglas need to free slaves and either way to safe the citizens. Lincoln viewed that war was the worst scenario while Douglas precisely wanted what Lincoln did not want regardless to what either two wanted the war did not come both Douglas and Fredric now both openly fought for their causes. Later that year, when the secretary of war simony Cameroon arming slaves within the borders. Lincoln made him to stop the section. Again Lincoln tried to avoid making decisions concerning slavery in may 1862, general David hunter issued order to emancipate all slaves in south military region. Which included south Carolina, Georgia and florida.In 1862 Lincoln announced proclamation revoking general hunter order and he declare that the government of stats does not have knowledge, information, belief, and the proceed which make Lincoln to feel so distressed and from political signed a bill abolishing slavery in district of Colombia, and in may he compiled with general Benjamins policy of contrabands of war which freed by august thousands of slaves run away to butler positon.Lincoln was a good leader who valued legality and he was a politician who moved only when time is right for him to do so..In 1862 it was significant policies of Lincoln administration Lincoln started to recognize iss ues of emancipation and preservation of union. Went hand in hand. Now agendas merge that s military and political agendas.lincoln starts acting towards abolition. Douglas grew more militant with Lincoln administration and kept to push them in direction of emancipation. But Lincoln still stick to preserving union which was the major problem Douglas pressed on to criticism of Lincoln administration s inability to take powerful measure against slavery..Douglas article announce till Lincoln announced of emancipation proclamation .In September 1862, the article tell us more of what expected from Lincoln was so impatient of public Douglas was still waiting for Lincoln to end war of putting the slaves in danger. In September 1862 publication of Douglas monthly article the presidents speeches directly attack in Lincoln character increasing passing making himself appear silly and ridiculous, unacceptable and his illogical statement and unfair it further claim yet to muster courage and honest ly enough to obey and execute his testimonies In the course of war Douglas consider some old conservative policies which he try to starts to bring up the union back together .In 1863 Douglas try to appeal many sides of chaos in the nation but unsuccefully Lincoln leave Douglas frustrated and now Lincoln would celebrate thinking that he has play cards on Douglas. Thinks were not working well to bring nation together so he had make his own bold way and move. During the summer of 1862, Lincoln had talk with the cabinet privately about constitution was thinking it was the best thought to postpone the announcement of the Proclamation until the country was supported by military success. In august 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down. Douglas went to Washington to meet Lincoln for the first time. Lincoln behavior towards Douglas revealed much about how he felt about him and views towards black has changed completely. Black man was ever personally invited into white house with respect. As for the growth of Lincoln towards slavery issues on the occasion Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral convictions towards slavery that had ever seen before Douglas appreciated Lincoln for treating has equal has others at this moment Douglas respected Lincoln which was complete turn around from his blatant outrage expressed publicity through his newspapers. Douglas and Lincoln will meet on different ocasssions to discuss on issues of ex-slave and future in United States because to grow more profound. After emancipation of proclamation, Lincoln still considers colonization as variable option to deal with black presence. But Douglas, black enlistment in military was the strongest opinion and confederacy and to be a part of ennobling and soul enlarger war for black liberation. Douglas and Lincoln after announcement of emancipation proclamation which make Douglas to grow respect admiration of Lincoln deep respect for Lincoln is true bets expressed in the years after his assassination the 21st anniversy of Lincolns death Douglas true feeling comes out our faith in him is often taxed and strained uttermost he later declare that honoring his memory is important because under his rule there was confederate states which is based upon the ideas that the race must be slaves. Douglas understanding Lincoln slowness to deal with slavery issue was necessary caution he put abolitionion of slavery before him a powerful class of America people and ended resistance.douglas and Lincoln had not yet met until summer of 1863 but their relationship was so good and order to understand how Douglas felt about the political climate and Lincoln emancipation was clear that war which brought the two parties together into political ideologies and now which ultimately paved the way for the two to be appreciated and appreciated each other in deep sense and good heart. The fusion of the two political ideologies is not only to indicate that men change greatly in terms of political but also to show the moral and courages people and political ideologies merged because the two now have grown to respect each other deeply Lincoln and Douglas were now in a position to overcome all difficulties they have been undergoing and misconception about the two partners when Lincoln dies he left Douglas his most favorites walking staff as sigh of profound appreciated and gratitude Douglas commented on Lincoln by changing a portrait of him in his home Washington dc the relationship between the two has a milestone in American history that would positively influence future of race solutions. In the manner of Garry wills Lincoln at Gettysburg (1992) James a. colaico study of Fredrick Douglas famous 1852 independence day speech is far more than examination of single -hour speech.Calaico seeks for probe and political social thinking of the most famous African abolitionist and political leader of the 19th century Douglas was the black leader and symbol of his age, but he was thinker and many Americans ignored. Douglas lived more than any other given expressed dilemma facing African Americans they praise independence, constitution which calls for quality to all men. Douglas argument was hypocrisy to Americans who extolled the meaning of July 4th while ignoring the slavery of black Americans.Douglas employed a normal independent to demonstrate hypocrisy. In most of his speeches Douglas was a provider of piercing critique of slavery itself. Douglas was a Jeremiah who employ jeremiad as outline by sacvan bercovitch, constantly calling Americans to abandon their sinful way to fulfill Nobel ideals to declare he was the father founder. The argument that Douglas announced was to the Americans that they need only to adhere to the ideals of America to achieve the greatness inh erent in the institutions. For the reader unversed in the history of abolition movement, the rule of William loud garrison and battles between the moral suasion, and political abolitionists, co-lalacos monograph provides an excellent introduction in a concise well-articulated way the enhances the book without overwhelming the central story of Douglass thinking about America colaiaco also covers the key influenced Douglass thinking and eventually brought on the civil war in 1829,oration outlined mans of the same arguments Douglas used twenty three years later. Douglass lasting achievements was to utilize those arguments to construct both a more profound compelling critique of status and more realistic vision of post slaves America Both Douglas and Lincoln were born poor. Douglas was brought up in his grandmother slave shacks in Talbot County, Maryland and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding county, Kentucky.Both lost their mothers when they were very young though doulas lost his mother when he was only seven years old Douglas was separated from her mother when he was infant. Lincoln lost his mother due to drink poison in the toxic milk at the age of nine. Both were born in 1809 while Douglas was born in 1818.In terms of standing they have 6 inches taller than most common men in these days. Douglas was a slave under American law but Lincoln was considered as a slave in the beginning of civil war speeches Douglas urged Lincoln in his public speeches and newspaper to allow blacks their rights and to fight for freedom. Both men married women above their social status and this likely helped them with their success. Douglas married his wife Anna Murray on September 15, 1838 she was a free black woman of some m eans five year old son.lincoln married marry Todd on November 1842 she was a daughters of wealthy slare holder from Lexington, both men were gifted orators in a day when speakers were regarded on much the way that many regard sports or movies stars today. Speeches were a form of entertainment as well as education, Lincoln use his gift for oratory to win elections and gain public supports of policies, both would hold several public offices through their lives. After meeting senator Samuel promessors of kansa, secretary of war Edwin Stanton, Douglass arrived at the soldier home when Lincoln was spending the summer. He gave his calling card to sternward and prepare for long wait.lincoln greeted Douglas by saying Mr,dougas I know you I have read about you Douglas impressed by the presidents candor said I was never in any way reminded of humble origin or my unpopular color. Douglas had many meeting with the president in his offices Douglas and Lincoln forged a friendship that would last the rest of Lincolns brief life upons Lincoln death Douglas was implored to speak at a gathering of mourners at the Rochester courthouse of his speech.In 1863 that was the time blacks finally won the right to military services. Fredrick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln met for the first time in Washington dc hoping to meet president to seek for redress for the constitution. Lincolns father hired him out for manual labor to earn money for the family while Douglas was hired out for his masters profit and salves. They both had little education where Douglas began learning to read when he was sent to serve huh auild in Baltimore. Auld wife began to teach Douglas the alphabet.lincoln only attended 18 months of formal schooling from itinerate teaching at frontier school. Both share same basic reading skills and they mostly read bibles. Conclusion In conclusion material both Douglas and Lincoln has however thought many how life his difficult when the rich just want go high day by day. Both men are really of dignity in the other way Lincoln did not initially set out to end slavery but he only meant to preserve the union which he thought union without freeing the slaves would not do .And later I came to realize that In august 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down. Douglas went to Washington to meet Lincoln for the first time. Lincoln behavior towards Douglas revealed much about how he felt about him and views towards black has changed completely. Black man was ever personally invited into white house with respect. As for the growth of Lincoln towards slavery issues on the occasion Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral conviction towards slavery that had ever seen before Douglas appreciated Lincoln for treating has equal has others. Although both did not see each other eye to eye but both did no t find common ground on some issues through mutual respect and civic debate. Most important lessons that can Americans learn from these two great men was that they only disagree without being disagreeable simple respect goes along way and you never now. I understand that both men Douglas and Lincoln were born poor. Douglas was brought up in his grandmother slave shacks in Talbot County, Maryland and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding County, Kentucky. Both lost their mothers when they were very young though doulas lost his mother when he was only seven years old Douglas was separated from her mother when he was infant. Blight W. David, Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln: a relationship in language, politics, and memory, lectures, Marquette University Press, 2001 Blight W. David, Beyond the battlefield: race, memory the American Civil War, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002Carson Clayborne, Emma Jones Lapsansky-Werner, Gary B. Nash, African American lives: the struggle for freedom, African American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom, Clayborne Carson, Pearson Longman, 2004 Marten A. James, More than a contest between armies: essays on the Civil War era, Frank L. Klement Lecture Series, James Alan Marten, A. Kristen Foster, Kent State University Press, 2008 Benson W Thomas. Rhetoric and political culture in nineteenth-century America Issue 6 of Rhetoric and public affairs series,Thomas W. Benson, Michigan State University Press, 1997.Shenk W.Joshua , Lincolns Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006 Guyatt N, Providence and the invention of the United States, Cambridge University Press, 2007 Finkelman P, Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619-1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2, Paul F, Oxford University Press, 2006 Civil War Society, Civil War: the magazine of the Civil War Society, Issues 66-74, Country Publishers, 1998 Douglass F,Douglass monthly, Volumes 4-5,Negro Universities Press, 1862 Thompson E.Julius, The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia, James L. Conyers, Nancy J. Dawson, ABC-CLIO, 2010

Determination of aspirin and caffeine

Determination of aspirin and caffeine Results: Identify and mark the signals in the spectra and note the chemical shift values of the methyl resonances in aspirin and caffeine and the methylene resonance in s-trioxane. Using above expression, calculate the weight of aspirin and caffeine in one tablet, and the percentage w/w of each component in one analgesic tablet. Whole tablet weighed = 0.501 Half tablet weighed = 0.270 Mass of s-trioxane = 0.05 RMM of aspirin = 180 RMM of caffeine = 194 RMM of s-trioxane = 90 No. of moles of components = component integral/no. of protons giving signal No. of moles of standard standard integral/ no. of protons giving signal To find out the weight and percentage w/w of Aspirin and Caffience following calculations were made: Aspirin: No of moles of components (x) = ? No of moles of standard = mass of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane = 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555 Component integral = 202.72 No of protons giving signal = 3 Standard integral = 200 No of protons giving signal = 6 Putting values in the above eq.1: x / 0.000555 = (202.72/3) / (200/6) x/0.000555 = 67.57 / 33.33 x = 67.57 x 0.000555 / 33.33 x = 0.00113 moles Mass of aspirin = moles x RMM = 0.00113 x 180 = 0.203g = 203mg % w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100 = 0.203 / 0.501 x 100 = 40.5% Caffeine: No of moles of components (x) = ? No of moles of standard = mass of s-trioxane / RMM of s-trioxane = 0.05 / 90 = 0.000555 Component integral = 14.0 No of protons giving signal = 3 Standard integral = 200 No of protons giving signal = 6 Putting values in the above eq.1: x / 0.000555 = (14.0/3) / (200/6) x/0.000555 = 4.66 / 33.33 x = 4.66 x 0.000555 / 33.33 x = 0.0000775 moles Mass of caffeine = moles x RMM = 0.000075 x 194 = 0.0145g = 14.5 mg % w/w of aspirin in the tablet = mass of aspirin / mass of the tablet x 100 = 0.0145 / 0.501 x 100 = 2.89% Discussion: Comment on the chemical shift positions of the methyl groups in aspirin and caffeine. Aspirin shows about 6 singlets in the spectrum, all in different environment. It has got one methyl group which gives rise to a singlet at ? 2.3498 as there are no neighbours and the n+1 rule is followed. It has integral of 3 as three protons are giving rise to the chemical shift at ? 2.3498. The four singlets between ? 7.1292 ? 8.1123 correspond to benzene ring protons. In aspirin there is a very broad singlet at ? 11.0082 due to the carbonyl next to hydroxyl proton which shifts it towards the left hand side. Caffeine has got three methyl groups which give rise to three singlets as all the three methyl groups are in different environments to each other. All the three peaks have integral of 3 which arises due to the three protons on each methyl groups. The first singlet at ? 3.4133 is due to the protons (a) next to nitrogen with single bond. The second singlet is seen at ? 3.5910 corresponding to protons(c) next to double bonded carbon and oxygen and the last methyl singlet (b) at ? 4.004 is due to the protons next to two double bonded oxygens attached to two carbons. There is also a singlet seen at ? 7.5172 that arises due to a single proton CH between two nitrogens. Compare your results to the contents claimed by the manufacturer and discuss any differences observed. How does this method compare with determinations by UV absorbance and HPLC. What are the NMR methods limitations? UV techniques are simple and rapid. It can be used for the quantitative determination of highly conjugated compounds and metal ions. Metal ions can be coloured and determined by UV. HPLC is a separation techniques used for compounds on basis of their rate of elution and can separate complex mixtures. HPLC analysis is very quick with high resolution. The stationary column can be used repeatedly for number of times. In HPLC analysis, automated instrumentation and quantitation can be used. It also has low sensitivity and accuracy. NMR is an expensive technique. Compared to UV and HPLC the instrumentation is more costly. The sample to be analyzed has to be free of any contaminants. It takes longer time as compared to the other techniques mentioned. In NMR the chemical shift corresponds to the structure of the molecule being analysed so for compounds with similar structures it is difficult to separate the signals. Also it is an insensitive technique. References: http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/CEEAM/Dokumenty/Warsztaty/Levsen.pdf http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_HPLC http://www.answers.com/topic/hplc-high-performance-liquid-chromatography http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Proteins.html http://wapedia.mobi/en/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dvoeg3erhRECpg=PA297lpg=PA297dq=limitations+of+nmr+spectroscopysource=blots=ea8zhh6QdCsig=v3mtaKE11Git3TMIX06mK3KD3yIhl=enei=BStBS5abEJj20wTkg6mSBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CBoQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepageq=limitations%20of%20nmr%20spectroscopyf=false

A Study of Product Quality, Pricing, and Labeling & Packaging Essays

Businesses are responsible for the product they manufacture and distribute. This perspective will examine the ethical implications of product manufacturing concerning Product Quality, Pricing, and Labeling & Packaging. In this paper, we will discuss each of these topics and show how each aspect of manufacturing has it’s own set of factors. One of the first major aspects of product manufacturing is Product Quality. The responsibilities of a business are simple. Develop a low cost, high quality product that withstands the normal limitations of its use. Quality can be defined as doing the right thing, the right way, the first time, and every time. It is important this is understood from both the consumer and the business perspective. In short, the product will meet customer expectations, priced appropriately, and delivered as advertised. Within the business, producing a product the right way is the most effective, efficient, lowest cost, and most valuable way to produce quality results, the first, and every time. Product quality implies all standards are met, with minimal repercussions of poor quality, reducing the amount of rework and waste. Businesses developing products of poor quality are failing to do the right thing, or doing the right thing, the wrong way. In the case study I researched, H.B. Fullers, a St. Paul, Minnesota corporation, produces a shoemaker’s glue, called Resistol, which contains the neurotoxin called toluene . In South America, Fuller’s company makes a huge profit off this product, in large part due to the millions of street kids, called resitoleros , who sniff this glue daily. This poses a huge ethical dilemma. Does one continue to develop a product that is being used the incorrect and potentially unsa... ...roduct development to product placement, ethics plays an important role in the decision making process of a company. Ethics plays a large role in such a small aspect of a company’s product. Safety and Security, beginning with the packaging itself, is a moral obligation of any company. References Bauerlein, M. (n.d.). HB Fuller's Social Responsibility. Pangaea Publishing and Design for Nature & Peoples of the Earth. Retrieved from http://pangaea.org/street_children/latin/citypg1.htm DeColle, S. (2008). Why Wine is not Glue? The Unresolved Problem of Negative Screening in Socially Responsible Investing. Journal of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 5(1), 121. Shaw, W. H. (2005). Business ethics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Velasquez, M. G. (2002). Business ethics: concepts and cases (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentiss Hall

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot :: Waiting for Godot Essays

Nobody Comes in Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot: "nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful." When the play first opened, it was criticized for lacking meaning, structure, and common sense. These critics, however, failed to see that Beckett chose to have his play, Waiting for Godot, capture the feeling that the world has no apparent meaning. In this misunderstood masterpiece, Beckett asserts numerous existentialist themes. Beckett believed that existence is determined by chance. This basic existentialist tenet is first asserted in Vladimir’s discussion of a parable from the Bible. Of the two thieves crucified at the same time as Christ, one was saved and one was damned. Given this knowledge, Vladimir ponders: "†¦how is it†¦that of the four Evangelists only one speaks of a thief being saved. The four of them were there - or thereabouts - and only one speaks of a thief being saved†¦.Of the other three, two don’t mention any thieves at all and the third says that both of them abused [Christ]†¦.But all four were there." The reports of the Evangel ists shows that probability determines human life. That each Evangelist speaks of a different fate for the thieves prove the role of chance in our existence. It is generally accepted that one thief was saved and another one damned, which further illustrates the probability of life. In addition, Beckett expands on this paradox by stating, "Do not despair; one of the thieves was saved. Do not presume; one of the thieves was damned." Because fate is determined by chance, there is nothing anyone can do to insure their savior. In the play, it is stated that Godot himself beats the minder of sheep but cherishes the minder of goats. The arbitrariness of Godot’s decisions elude to the arbitrariness of life itself, raising questions over who will be saved and who will be damned. In the play, Pozzo remarks about his fate in comparison to Lucky’s: "Remark that I might easily have been in his shoes and he in mine. If chance had not willed it otherwise." In Stoppard’s play R osencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern flip a coin that escapes the natural laws of reason. Here, the existentialist viewpoint focuses on refuting probability in favor of chance. To many people, Godot symbolizes God. The name Godot even reflects an attenuated version of the word God. Godot’s silence but ubiquitous presence resembles that of God’s, and Vladimir and Estragon’s helplessness mirrors our own frailty.

Bioluminescent Fungi :: essays papers

Bioluminescent Fungi INTRODUCTION What is Bioluminescence? The current paper main focus is on bioluminescent Fungi but the basic features of bioluminescence discussed are common to all bioluminescent organisms. Bioluminescence is simply light created by living organisms. Probably the most commonly known example of bioluminescence by North Americans is the firefly, which lights its abdomen during its mating season to communicate with potential mates. This bioluminescent ability occurs in 25 different phyla many of which are totally unrelated and diverse with the phylum Fungi included in this list (an illustration of a bioluminescent fungi is displayed in figure 1). One of the features of biological light that distinguishes it from other forms of light is that it is cold light. Unlike the light of a candle, a lightbulb, bioluminescent light is produced with very little heat radiation. This aspect of bioluminescence especially interested early scientists who explored it. The light is the result of a biochemical reaction in which the oxidation o f a compound called "Luci ferin" and the reaction was catalyzed by an enzyme called "Luciferase". The light generated by this biochemical reaction has been utilized by scientists as a bioindicator for Tuberculosis as well as heavy metals. On going research involving bioluminescence is currently underway in the areas of evolution, ecology, histology, physiology, biochemistry, and biomedical applications. History of Bioluminescent Fungi The light of luminous wood was first noted in the early writings of Aristotle which occurred in 382 B.C.(Johnson and Yata 1966 and Newton 1952) The next mention of luminous wood in the literature occurred in 1667 by Robert Boyle who noticed glowing earth and noted that heat was absent from the light. Many early scientists such as Conrad Gesner, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Bartolin all observed and made notation of luminous earth(Johnson and Yata 1966 and Newton 1952 ). These early observers thought that the light was due to small insects or animal interactions. The first mention that the light of luminous wood was due to fungi occurred from a study of luminous timbers used as supports in mines by Bishoff in 1823. This opened the way for further study by many other scientists and by 1855 modern experimental work began by Fabre ( Newton 1952). Fabre established the basic parameters of bioluminescent fungi, those being: †¢ The light without heat †¢ The light ceased in a vacuum, in hydrogen, and carbon dioxide †¢ The light was independent of humidity, temperature, light, and did not burn any

Dr. Maya Angelou (personality theory) Essay

Dr. Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Baily Johnson, was a doorman, and, later a dietician for the navy. Her mother, Vivian Johnson, was a registered nurse. When Angelou was three years old, her parents were divorced. They sent her and her four-year-old brother, Baily, Jr., to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Henderson ran a small general store and managed to scrape by. She continued to do so after her grandchildren joined her. Angelou’s grandmother was one the many strong who trained her, helped her, and provided her with role models. The people of her church also nurtured her and gave her a sense of belonging to a community. But her child hood in the south was a nightmare. In 1982, Maya Angelou told Ebony Magazine about Stamps. She said: â€Å"When I was taken to California by my grandmother, I vowed never to return to the grim, humiliating south. Except for a tentative trip to visit when I was eighteen, I didn’t break my promise until I was forty years old.† When she was seven and a half, Angelou left Stamps to visit with her mother. While there, she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. He was tried, found guilty, and kicked to death in prison. The confused little girl felt responsible for his death and withdrew into herself. â€Å"I was mute for five years, I wasn’t cute and didn’t speak. I thought he was killed because I spoke his name that was the only logic I was able to employ. So I thought if I spoke, anybody might die.† In frustration, her mother sent her back to Stamps. Her emotional withdrawal caused many to think of her as backward, but her grandmother did not give up on her. â€Å"My grandmother told me all the time, ‘Sister, Mama don’t care what these people say about you being a moron, being a idiot. Mama don’t care. Mama know, Sister, when you and the good Lord get ready, you’re gonna be a preacher.'† Angelou was also helped by a woman named Bertha Flowers, who i ntroduced her to literature. By the time of her graduation from eighth grade, she was at the head of her class. While attending high school, she took drama and dance lessons. She then decided that she wanted to be a streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Although San Francisco had never had a Black conductor and was not eager to hire one, she persisted and, with her mother’s support managed to attain her goal. At sixteen Angelou gave birth to her son, Guy. She did not plan her  pregnancy but has always been grateful that it happened. â€Å"The greatest gift I’ve ever had was the birth of my son. Because when he was small, I knew more than he did, I expected to be his teacher. So because of him, I educated myself. He began to ask questions I didn’t have the answers to, so I started my lifelong love affair with libraries . . . I’ve learned an awful lot because of him. â€Å" Still, her life at this time was not easy. In addition to teaching her son, she also had to support him. She was a cook and a nightclub waitress and, for a short time, â€Å"madam† for two lesbian prostitutes. She began doing drugs but then quit after seeing what they had done to her brother. When she was twenty-two, Angelou married Tosh Angelos, a white former sailor. Two years later she left him and became a professional dancer. She then moved to New York to pursue a career and study with Pearl Primus. In 1954, she was cast in a production of Porgy and Bess that toured Europe and Africa. When she came back to the United States, in 1960-61, she was northern coordinator of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1961 she also appeared in an acclaimed off-Broadway production of the Blacks, by Jean Genet. The show was highly successful and ran until 1964. By this time, Angelou was writing poetry, short stories, and songs. Her reputation was growing. In 1970, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published. It became a best seller and an instant classic, and became a made-for-television movie. In 1971, her screenplay Georgia, was made into a film, making her the first Black woman to have an original screenplay produced. The four other volumes of her autobiography are, Gather Together in My Name (1974), Singin’ and Swingin’ and Gettin’ Merry Like Christmas (1976), The Heart of a woman (1981), and All God’s Children Need Travelin Shoes (1986). She also published several volumes of poetry and has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for one of the, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘fore I Diiie (1971). In 1973, Angelou appeared on Broadway in Look Away and was nominated for a Tony Award. In 1977 she received an Emmy nomination for her performance in the mini series Roots. She was appointed to the Bicentennial Commission by President Gerald Ford and to the Commission of International Women’s Year by President Jimmy Carter. For many  Americans, one of the most memorable moments during the inauguration of President Bill Clinton, on January 20, 1993, came when Maya Angelou recited the poem, â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† not since 1961, when Robert Frost read his work at the ceremony for president John F. Kennedy, had a poet taken part in a presidential inauguration. Dr. Angelou is best known for the first volume of her autobiography, in it, she bravely speaks of her battle to overcome abuse, rape, and poverty. For thousands of young Black women reading the book, it is a way of passage for those who have been similarly victimized, it is like a soothing ointment that helps heal the wounds. Angelou gives a voice to the voiceless; she says, â€Å"You’re not alone. In happened to me too. You are not to blame. You will survive.† The Humanistic approach can be applied to Dr. Maya Angelou’s biography in a number of ways. In order to do so, I attempted to take each piece by piece to gain a clear understanding of both. Beginning with the four elements of the approach: it is obvious that she accepts personality responsibility for her life, and doesn’t blame anyone else for anything bad that may have happened to her. She hasn’t allowed anyone else to make her decisions. Her need for personal growth doesn’t seem like it has been met due to the fact that she continues to work and strive for more. I would consider Dr. Angelou to be a fully functioning person because she trusts her own feelings, and experiences them very deeply. It is easy to tell that she really cares about other people and is a true humanist (motivation by growth need). When looking at Manslow’s hierarchy of needs, it is obvious that her physiological needs have been met, simply because, she is still alive. Since her life as a child was very chaotic and her future was unpredictable, her safety needs were not met at that time. Statements such as â€Å"All my life, everything has been about survival. All of my words are meant to say. ‘You may encounter many defeats but you must not be defeated. In fact the encounter may be the very experience which created the vitality and the power to endure, â€Å"‘ lead me to believe the she has, however, managed to find a way to stabilize her life and have those needs met. â€Å"What I would like said about me is that I dared to love.† She said to Essence Magazine. â€Å"By love I mean the condition in the human spirit so profound it encourages us to develop courage and build bridges and learn to trust those bridges and cross the bridges in attempt to reach other human beings.† This shows that her belongingness and love needs have been met because she knows that they are important and has allowed them to be. I believe that the kind of love adopted by Angelou is B-love because she is really concerned with the well-being and growth of others. I could tell that her self-esteem needs have also been met because if they weren’t, she wouldn’t be as successful as she is. One statement in the book that really stood out to me about self-actualization was made by Manslow†: An artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. He must be true to his own nature.† I feel that although Angelou is doing something that makes her happy, and that she loves, her self actualization needs have not been met because she continues to do more. I personally believe that if these needs are met, then people lose their motivation and drive to live, because there is nothing to achieve, no goals to reach, which results in nothing to look forward to anymore. Maya Angelou is a psychologically healthy person because she does posses self-actualizing creativity, which is shown in her writing, she accepts herself, and expresses herself freely. I think her life seems to be full of optimal experiences, one of which is writing. She has stated that she â€Å"can write for eighteen hours straight in complete solitude and not notice it.† She also seems to have no problem with disclosure, which is obvious because she is a writer. She continuously puts her feelings and emotions on display. She discloses events that are traumatic as well as those that are not, which seems to be good for her self-development because it is a great release. I’m not really sure if Dr. Angelou has experienced loneliness, but it is possible because everyone has felt that way at one time or another. â€Å"One would say of my life-born loser-had to be: from a broken family, raped at eight, unwed mother at sixteen . . . in fact but that’s not the truth. In the Black community, however bad it looks, there’s a lot of love and much  humor.† This statement shows that there are many ways in which race, and sex have affected Angelou’s life because she would not have gone through a lot of the experiences that she has if she simply were not a Black woman. â€Å"You’re going to be famous,† Billie Holiday told Maya Angelou in 1958, â€Å"but it won’t be for singing.† The first part of this prophecy was fulfilled. The second part, in the most superficial sense, was true as well. Angelou’s fame did not grow from the nightclub singing she was then doing to support herself and her son. But in a way Holiday was wrong. Since she first put paper to pen, Maya Angelou has been singing. In closing, by taking all of the aspects of the Humanistic approach into consideration, I believe that it does, give a few possible explanations about Dr. Angelou’s personality when directed to the little information that is given about her in her biography. By writing this paper I feel that I have gained a deeper insight on how to appreciate and apply this approach to the life and personality of anyone. I understand how this approach can apply to many people that I come into contact every day and possibly explain why they behave in the manners that they do. If they are writers and all that they put forth are sad pieces, if they are singers and mostly talk about sex. Whatever the case may be, there is a reason behind the things that people do. The humanistic approach can apply to all areas of life with no exclusions based on race, class, or gender.

In Cold Blood Book Review

If one is interested in reading a disturbingly detailed and factually based novel that chronicles the course and motives of complex crime, read Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences. † If one scares easily, is squeamish or wants to avoid imagining a remorseless, brutal killer around every corner, do not. In his 1965 nonfiction novel, Capote paints a disturbingly vivid picture of the quadruple murder of the Clutters, a highly regarded and semi-wealthy farming family from Holcomb, Kansas.In Cold Blood examines the incentives and methods used by the killers, as well as the effect these murders had on the small Kansas town. â€Å"In Cold Blood,† what many consider Capote’s masterpiece, was one of the first novels of its kind: nonfiction. This genre requires an author to possess the â€Å"just the facts† attitude of a journalist, while still maintaining the ability to tell a detailed and aesthetical ly pleasing story. To write â€Å"In Cold Blood,† as a journalist would, Capote traveled to Holcomb.He planned to interview residents about their methods of coping with the tragedy. While in Holcomb, the Clutters’ murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, were caught. After that, Capote’s novel evolved into something more complex. He spent the next six years following the trial and interviewing the murderers and Holcomb residents. â€Å"In Cold Blood† showcases Capote’s true talent for both journalistic and prose writing. If one considers all the sources used in the novel, it is clear that an abundant amount of research and effort went into this work.In the acknowledgements preceding the novel, Capote wrote, â€Å"All the material in this book not derived from my own observation is either taken from official records or is the result of interviews with persons directly concerned, more often than not numerous interviews conducted over a considerable period of time. † Not only did he spend the better part of a decade conducting interviews and reviewing documents, but Capote also did his best to re-create the thoughts and feelings of those vital characters with whom he could not speak, the Clutter family.He did so through interviews with others and his own inferences. Additionally, he did the same to fill in any other character gaps. Because â€Å"In Cold Blood† is composed mostly of interviews, a large part of the novel is dialog. The dialog not only keeps readers interested, but also offers an insight directly into the mind of the killers and the townspeople. Words straight from the mouth of Perry Smith or Susan Kidwell resonate much better with readers than a simple paraphrase from Capote ever could. Readers cannot help but cringe and reach for their jugular as they read Smith’s graphic descriptions. I didn’t realize what I’d done till I heard the sound. Like somebody drowning. Screaming under water,† said Smith. Similarly, Kidwell’s account of the event adds an even deeper emotional aspect to the story. Her words are haunting. Of finding her friend that day, Kidwell said, â€Å"I don’t remember screaming. Nancy Ewalt says I did – screamed and screamed. I only remember Nancy’s Teddy bear staring at me. And Nancy. † Throughout â€Å"In Cold Blood,† Capote illustrates several journalistic characteristics, one of which being oddity.The murder of a nice family from a small town is certainly unusual, especially when no motives or suspects fit the case. Additionally, when the killers were caught, their indifference towards the crime varied drastically from what one would expect. Dick even said, â€Å"I know it is wrong. But at the time I never give any thought to whether it is right or wrong. The same with stealing. It seems to be an impulse. † â€Å"In Cold Blood† also demonstrates proximity and human interest. Hol comb, Kansas is comparable to Any-town, USA.Because this crime and location seemed to be, at first, so randomly chosen, they peak human interest. Capote did a great job emphasizing the consequential insecurity felt by the Holcomb residents. He instilled that fear into readers, and they are sure to assume that each bump in the night is Perry Smith sneaking lightly to their bedrooms. While Capote did quite well making â€Å"In Cold Blood† newsworthy, he failed to practice one important principal of journalism. Capote did not maintain an independence from those whom he covered, so his writing showed bias.In a novel that required so much research and so many interviews, it is understandable that Capote would become friendly and sympathetic of the Holcomb citizens. However, Capote became sympathetic of the killers, especially Smith. While Perry murdered the Clutter family, Capote so obviously favored him over Dick. Throughout the novel, Smith is described as a gentle man with a co nscience, and it is indicated that he may have mental problems. Capote’s characterization of Smith was designed to make readers pity him.Dick, on the other hand, is almost always portrayed as a heartless and brutal man who is fully responsible for his actions. In the end of the novel, Capote even alludes to the radical idea that Perry should not receive the death penalty. All in all, â€Å"In Cold Blood† is a well-written and interesting novel not designed for the weak of heart. Capote’s masterpiece is sure send a shiver up readers’ spines and leave paranoia in their minds. Capote does show some bias in his writing, but given the situations, it is understandable.